In daily life, the use of glass has become very common, whether it is used as tableware, furniture, or building materials, glass has fully exerted its effects. Perhaps some people may wonder why glass is transparent? One important reason is that even the most solid substance, if viewed from the inside of an atom, is actually empty. Because inside an atom, the combined volume of the nucleus and electrons is less than one billionth of the atomic volume. Moreover, there is no evidence to prove that atomic nuclei and electrons cannot be penetrated by photons. So, clarity is normal.

To clarify this complex issue, let's first take a look at this question: why are some substances incomprehensible?

We can divide incomprehensible substances into four categories:

1. Due to the obstruction effect of free electrons, the metal is not transparent.

2. Opacity caused by substances that can absorb light: The excitation energy of electrons in the molecules of such substances is relatively low, just within the visible light range. The molecules often have structures such as benzene rings, benzoquinones, benzidine, and other conjugated systems, which can reduce the excitation energy of electrons and allow them to undergo simple transitions to absorb the energy of photons. So the light is absorbed.

3. Non transparency is formed due to the destruction of the structure of transparent substances. Glass is transparent, while glass powder is opaque; Ice is transparent, but if it is smashed, it becomes opaque. If a substance's structural characteristics do not conform to the above two modes, it can pass through light, but if its structural force has many small air strikes, it is white. This is the reason why white objects are not transparent.

4. The result of mixing the above three situations. Many objects in reality are not transparent due to this reason.

If a substance has neither free electrons nor easily excited electrons in its structural force, and its structure is very tight without many pores and other conditions, then the substance can pass through photons, which is transparent. So glass is transparent.

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